16. Looping Statements [Fundamental Control Structure Statements in C. #Part-3]

Program Loops and IterationA loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements multiple times and following is the general from of a loop statement in most of the programming languages:

Loop-Control-Type

a. Counter control: Number of iteration time is known.

b. Sentinel Control (Infinite Loop): Number of iterations is not known, but they are controlled by special variable value like-

• “end-of-life”,
• value between -1 to 9,
• until ‘E’ is not pressed, etc.

Advantages

• It provides code reusability.
• Using loops, we do not need to write the same code again and again.
• Using loops, we can traverse over the elements of data structures (array or linked lists).

Types of C Loops

There are three types of loops in C language:

• 1. do… while () Loop
• 2. while () Loop
• 3. for () Loop

Loop Control Structure

1. While () Loop

A while loop statement in C programming language repeatedly executes a target statement(s) as long as a given condition remains true.

Syntax:

while(condition)

{ 
statement(s);

}

Here statement(s) may be a single statement or a block of statements. The condition may be any expression, and true is any nonzero value. The loop iterates while the condition is true. When the condition becomes false, program control passes to the line immediately following the loop.

Flow Diagram:

Example-1

// Sum of first 30 numbers
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{ int sum=0, n=1;
    while(n<=30)
    {sum = sum + n;
     n++;
    }// end while
    printf("\n sum of 1 to 30 =%d", sum);
}// end main

Output:

sum of 1 to 30 =465

Example-2

#include <stdio.h>
main ()
{
   int a = 10; 
   while( a < 15 )
    {
      printf("value of a: %d\n", a); 
      a++;
    }
}// end main

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces following result: value of a: 10

Output:

value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 15

Unlike for and while loops, which test the loop condition at the top of the loop, the do…while loop in C programming language checks its condition at the bottom of the loop. A do…while loop is similar to a while loop, except that a do…while loop is guaranteed to execute at least one time.

2. do…While () Loop

Here all the loop-block statements undergo for their first execution and if the condition is true, the flow of control jumps back up to do, and the statement(s) in the loop execute again. This process repeats until the given condition becomes false. Also do…while () loop ensure that your loop-body (i.e. loop-block) statements will execute at least once, irrespective of the test-condition.

Syntax:

do
{ 
 //Statement(s);

} while ( condition );

Flow Diagram:

Example-1

#include <stdio.h>
main ()

{ int a = 10; 
  do
  {   
      printf("value of a: %d\n", a); a = a + 1;
  } while ( a < 16 );

}// end main

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces following result: value of a: 10

Output:

value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 15

Example-2

// Sum of first 30 numbers
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{ int sum=0, n=1;
    do
    {sum = sum + n;
     n++;
    } while(n<=30); // end while
    printf("\n sum of 1 to 30 =%d", sum);
}// end main

Output:

sum of 1 to 30 =465

Difference between while() and do…while() statements.

3. For () loops

A for () loop is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently write a loop that needs to execute a specific number of times.

Syntax:

for ( initialization ; condition; increment )
{  
  statement(s);

}

Flowchart

#include <stdio.h>

main ()

{ 
  for( int num = 15; a < 20; num = num + 1 )

  {   
    printf("value of num: %d\n", num);
  }
}

Output:

value of num: 15 
value of num: 16 
value of num: 17 
value of num: 18 
value of num: 19